Desludging

The desludging of Champagne is an essential step in the production of this fine sparkling wine. It is a process that serves to remove the yeast particles and other cloudy substances that accumulate in the bottle during the second fermentation. This fermentation, which is also known as the "Méthode Champenoise", gives the Champagne its characteristic carbon dioxide and fine perlage. However, before the champagne is ready for sale, the unsightly residue must be removed. This is where the degorgement process plays a decisive role.

Champagne dégorgement was developed at the end of the 18th century. The process was refined in 1775 by the Champagne producer Jean-Baptiste André Guérin. The method was then adopted and further developed by other champagne producers.

The Méthode Champenoise and its significance

Before we delve deeper into the de-stemming process, it is important to understand the "Méthode Champenoise". This traditional method of making Champagne begins with the first fermentation, during which the base wine is produced. After this first fermentation, a mixture of sugar and yeast, known as "liqueur de tirage", is added to the wine before it is bottled and sealed with a crown cap. This second fermentation takes place in the bottle and produces carbon dioxide and a yeast sediment known as "lees" or "sediment".

The shaking (Remuage)

Before the blow-down can be carried out, the yeast sediment must be moved into the neck of the bottle. This process is known as "riddling" or "remuage". The bottles are placed in special shaking desks, known as "pupitres", and turned and tilted daily by hand or by machine. The aim is to gradually move the yeast into the neck of the bottle. This can take several weeks, depending on the type of champagne and the desired results.

Traditionally, riddling was carried out by experienced "riddling masters" who slowly turned and tilted the bottles over a period of six to eight weeks. Nowadays, this process is often carried out by machines in order to reduce time and labour.

Desludging (Dégorgement)

After the yeast has accumulated in the neck of the bottle, the actual degassing follows. This is the step in which the yeast particles are removed. There are two main methods of degorgement: "dégorgement à la volée" and "dégorgement à la glace".

Dégorgement à la volée

In this traditional method, the crown cap of the bottle is removed manually and the pressure of the carbon dioxide ejects the yeast particles from the bottle. This method requires a great deal of skill and experience, as it must be carried out quickly and precisely to ensure minimal loss of champagne.

Dégorgement à la glace

This more modern method is more precise and efficient. The neck of the bottle is immersed in an ice-cold glycol bath, which freezes the yeast. As soon as the yeast sediment is frozen, the crown cap is removed and the frozen yeast plug is ejected from the bottle by the pressure of the carbon dioxide. This method is less labour-intensive and results in less loss of champagne.

Dosage and corking

After the degorgement, the resulting loss of liquid is compensated for by a mixture of wine and sugar, the so-called "dosage" or "liqueur d'expédition". The amount of sugar in the dosage determines the final sweetness level of the champagne, from brut nature (no added sugar) to doux (very sweet).

The bottle is then sealed with a natural cork and secured with an agraffe (wire basket). The champagne is now ready for storage and sale.

The importance of the deglazing process for the quality of the champagne

Racking is not just a technical step, but a crucial process that significantly influences the quality and purity of the champagne. A carefully carried out degorgement ensures that no yeast particles remain in the champagne, resulting in a clear, sparkling wine. Sparkling wine leads to a better flavour. In addition, draining affects the mouthfeel and flavour of the champagne, as unwanted bitter or cloudy notes are removed.

Tradition and modernity

Although the methods of de-stemming have evolved and improved over the years, the process remains an essential part of traditional Champagne production. Many Champagne houses combine traditional techniques with modern technology to ensure the highest quality of their products. While the use of machinery has increased efficiency, the craftsmanship and experience of the winemakers remain essential to preserve the characteristic style and uniqueness of each Champagne.

Conclusion

Destemming is a complex and meticulous process that is deeply rooted in the tradition of Champagne production. It requires both craftsmanship and technological precision to ensure that the champagne is clear, pure and of the highest quality. By combining tradition and innovation, the Champagne houses succeed in preserving and perfecting the magic of this noble sparkling wine.

 

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