Phylloxera vastatrix (også kendt som Phylloxera vitifolii, Viteus vitifolii, Dactylosphaera vitifolii, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) blev indført med forsøgsvinstokke fra USA's østkyst via London til Sydfrankrig i 1960'erne. I 1900 var størstedelen af de europæiske vinstokke (Vitis vinifera L.) enten angrebet eller allerede ødelagt. Denne ødelæggende pest nåede først frem til Champagne-regionen i den nordlige del af landet i 1890. I begyndelsen blev vinlusen stort set ignoreret i det sydlige Frankrig. Men da vinlusen endelig viste sit virkelig skræmmende destruktive potentiale, blev alle tænkelige kontrolmetoder afprøvet. Man importerede endda en anden luseart (Tyroglyphus phylloxera), som anses for at være vinlusenes ærkefjende (men som er uskadelig for vinstokkene). Desværre følte denne lus sig ikke særlig hjemme i det europæiske klima og viste sig at være ubrugelig. Behandling af løvet med kemikalier som sulfure de carbone (kulbrintesulfid) så ud til at have en lovende effekt, men viste sig i sidste ende også at være ineffektivt, fordi det kun påvirkede én fase af vinlusens komplekse livscyklus. Hvad vinbønderne ikke var klar over på det tidspunkt, var, at deres angrebne vinstokke i praksis var to typer vinlus på samme tid: bladlus (gallicola) og rodlus (radicicola).
Det, vinbønderne opdager i løvet, når deres vinstokke er angrebet, er allerede et fremskredent stadie i phylloxera-livscyklussen. Disse (blad)bladlus suger på bladene og frigiver samtidig deres spyt i saftkanalerne, hvilket igen forårsager udvækster (galler) på undersiden af bladene. Disse små galler vokser omkring de vingeløse bladlus (gallicolae) med en lille åbning til bladets overflade. I disse galler lægger lusen flere hundrede små, citronfarvede, ovale æg. Efter ca. otte dage klækkes nye unge bladlus fra æggene og fortsætter med at angribe vinstokkens blade, hvor de igen danner galler og lægger flere æg. Denne del af cyklussen producerer tre til seks generationer af vinlus, primært i løbet af sommermånederne. Til sidst får bladene en livløs brun farve og falder af. En del af bladlusene på disse blade flytter sig forinden, mens de andre falder ned på jorden (på dette tidspunkt er bladlusene kendt som neogallicicolae-radicicolae).
Når de først er der, fortsætter de deres aktiviteter på rodsystemet (disse bladlus betragtes nu som radicicolae). Sådanne omstændigheder i løvet må have irriteret de erfarne vinavlere på det tidspunkt, men virkede bestemt ikke særlig bekymrende i starten, da lignende parasitære bivirkninger i dyrkningen af vin eller endda humle længe havde været kendt. Hvad de imidlertid ikke var klar over, var, at selv om denne bladfase af vinlusen er ret ubetydelig, så havde disse unge vinlus nu også slået sig ned i rødderne på deres vinstokke for at overvintre der som pupper. Desuden er (rod)bladlusene og pupperne næsten usynlige, da de ligner rødderne i farven og også er meget små (0,7 - 1 mm). Om foråret genoplives vinstokkene sæsonmæssigt, pupperne kaster deres hud, suger på rødderne, danner galler og lægger æg igen. Tre til seks generationer af Phylloxera udvikler sig også under jorden. I begyndelsen bliver rodsystemet ikke væsentligt beskadiget af vinlusen. Så snart sensommeren nærmer sig, får nogle af de tidligere vingeløse vinlus nu vinger. Om efteråret forlader de deres underjordiske hjem, angriber den samme vinstok over jorden eller migrerer og flyver til andre vinstokke, lægger ca. 5 æg et sted nær jorden på vinstokken eller under bladene på de nu angrebne vinstokke og dør. Æggene er enten små (hanner) eller store (hunner). Cirka to uger senere udklækkes nye bladlus, denne gang hanner og hunner. De er dog kun beregnet til reproduktion og har ingen organer til parasitære formål. De parrer sig, og moderbladlusene lægger nu et olivengrønt eller brunt "vinteræg" (ca. 0,27 x 0,13 mm), som regel skjult i sprækker i barken på vinstokken. Dette æg overvintrer enten skjult i barken, eller en ny (1 - 2 mm lang) moderlus kan klække samme år. Denne lus anses for at være "stammemor" (fundatrix) og vender sig mod vinstokkens friske blade og danner således en galle, hvor der lægges hundredvis af æg. Disse udvikler sig så til (blad)bladlus, og cyklussen gentager sig. Efter to til tre år dør vinstokken (primært på grund af rodskader), og de resterende bladlus flytter videre til den næste vinstok.
Hvis en vinavler opdager bladsymptomer, betyder det som regel, at nabovinrankerne sandsynligvis allerede har været angrebet i lang tid. At rydde de angrebne vinstokke, selv ned til roden, er generelt nytteløst. Tværtimod kan det endda fremme spredningen af phylloxera, da den kan indføres i nye områder via huller og nicher i redskaber og landbrugsudstyr (selv gennem arbejdernes støvler eller endda i kurve), når man f.eks. fjerner buske og rødder.
Phylloxera selv (uden 'hjælp' fra mennesker) spreder sig ret langsomt (ca. 25 - 30 km/år). De vingede vinlus tilbagelægger generelt kun meget korte afstande (med optimal medvind kan man dog forestille sig 30 km). De vingeløse bladlus bliver også af og til blæst af vinden ind på nærliggende vinstokke. Bladlusene vandrer også under jorden til sammenflettede rødder på andre vinstokke. Klimatisk gunstige forhold (varmere klima) fremmer livscyklussen.
Lad os dog kort vende tilbage til datidens Champagne. Det køligere klima betød, at vinlusen i første omgang kun skred langsomt frem. Vinbønderne i Bordeaux var f.eks. allerede godt i gang med at bekæmpe vinlusen, hvilket gav vinbønderne i Champagne masser af advarsler (og erfaring med at bekæmpe den) på forhånd. Så pesten var næppe "uventet" i Champagne. Den 13. juni 1891 blev der derfor afholdt et møde for alle vinbønderne i Champagne i Epernay for at møde den nye fjende sammen. De franske musketerers slogan "en for alle og alle for en" havde dog meget lidt at gøre med vinbønderne i Champagne. Af de 25.729 vinbønder på det tidspunkt var det kun 17.370, der meldte sig ind i det nye "Syndicat de Defénce". Vinlusenes fremmarch kunne derfor næppe forhindres af dette ufuldstændige syndikat, men den kunne stadig bremses en smule. Nogen i Frankrig havde åbenbart i mellemtiden opdaget, at de vinstokke, der oprindeligt var importeret fra USA, trivedes på trods af vinlusen, og at de stort set var immune over for vinlusen. Det var derfor nødvendigt at rykke de indfødte vinstokke op med rode, og derfor blev der hurtigt plantet med vinlusresistente grundstammer fra USA, som var podet med indfødte vinstokke. Ikke desto mindre ramte Phylloxera de upodede vinstokke i et alarmerende omfang. I 1910 var halvdelen af vinmarkerne i Marne-regionen allerede håbløst angrebet af vinlusen.
Der var og er derfor flere muligheder for vinavlere (ikke kun) i Europa med hensyn til at bekæmpe vinlusen med succes. Langt den foretrukne løsning i Europa var og er brugen af grundstammer af phylloxera-resistente amerikanske druesorter (f.eks. Vitis riparia, rotundifolia, berlandieri, rupestris, lambrusca) med efterfølgende podning af europæiske Vitis vinifera L druesorter (podede vinstokke). De forskellige amerikanske grundstammer siges dog at have forskellig kvalitet og udbytte af vinifera-frugt. Ifølge en rapport i Sonoma County Viticulture Newsletter er bladene på de europæiske Vitis vinifera L-druesorter ikke særligt begunstigede af Phylloxera (se henvisning til den tilsvarende PDF-fil nedenfor).
En anden løsning var dyrkning af amerikanske vinstokke (som de velkendte Noah- og Isabella-vinstokke).
De amerikanske vinstokke blev også med succes krydset med europæiske vinstokke. Det resulterede i velkendte hybridsorter som Baco, Delaware og Othello.
Vinlusen betragtes historisk set som den største ulykke for vindyrkningen i Frankrig (eller Europa). Men på den anden side var Frankrig før vinlusen nærmest oversvømmet af talrige mindreværdige druesorter på ofte ugunstige steder. Når vinbønderne genplantede med nye vinstokke fra USA, sørgede de for, at kun de bedste indenlandske druesorter på deres gode steder fik denne betydelige investering i arbejde og penge til denne podning. Phylloxera er også fortsat et internationalt problem for vinavlere i Europa og mange andre lande (herunder f.eks. på USA's vestkyst). Desuden er vinlusenes biologi stadig ikke fuldt ud forstået. Selv den berømte NASA beskæftiger sig med denne vinlus. Skræmmende nok er der nu også tale om mutationer. Kampen mod Phylloxera er derfor ikke engang tæt på at være vundet.
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