A Phylloxera vastatrix (também conhecida como Phylloxera vitifolii, Viteus vitifolii, Dactylosphaera vitifolii, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) foi introduzida por videiras experimentais da costa leste dos EUA, via Londres, para o sul da França na década de 1960. Em 1900, a maioria das videiras europeias (Vitis vinifera L.) estava infestada ou já havia sido destruída. Essa praga devastadora só chegou à região de Champagne, no extremo norte do país, em 1890. Inicialmente, a filoxera foi amplamente ignorada no sul da França. No entanto, quando a filoxera finalmente demonstrou seu potencial destrutivo realmente assustador, todos os métodos de controle imagináveis foram tentados. Até mesmo outra espécie de piolho (Tyroglyphus phylloxera), considerada a arquiinimiga dessa filoxera (mas inofensiva para as videiras), foi importada. Infelizmente, esse piolho não se sentiu muito à vontade no clima europeu e provou ser inútil. O tratamento da folhagem com produtos químicos, como o sulfureto de carbono (sulfeto de hidrocarboneto), pareceu ter um efeito promissor, mas, no final das contas, também se mostrou ineficaz porque só afetava efetivamente um estágio do complexo ciclo de vida da filoxera. O que os viticultores não perceberam na época foi que, em um sentido prático, suas videiras infestadas eram, na verdade, dois tipos de filoxera ao mesmo tempo: pulgões de folhas (gallicola) e pulgões de raízes (radicicola).
O que os viticultores descobrem na folhagem quando suas videiras estão infestadas já é um estágio avançado do ciclo de vida da filoxera. Esses pulgões (das folhas) sugam as folhas e, ao mesmo tempo, liberam sua saliva nos dutos de seiva, o que, por sua vez, causa crescimentos (galhas) na parte inferior das folhas. Essas pequenas galhas crescem ao redor dos pulgões sem asas (gallicolae) com uma pequena abertura para a superfície da folha. Nessas galhas, o piolho põe várias centenas de ovos ovais minúsculos, cor de limão. Após cerca de oito dias, novos pulgões jovens eclodem dos ovos e continuam a atacar a folhagem da videira, formando galhas novamente e colocando mais ovos. Essa parte do ciclo produz de três a seis gerações de filoxera, principalmente durante os meses de verão. Por fim, as folhas ficam com uma cor marrom sem vida e caem. Uma parte dos pulgões nessas folhas se move antes, enquanto os outros caem no nível do solo (nesse estágio, os pulgões são conhecidos como neogallicicolae-radicicolae).
Uma vez lá, eles continuam suas atividades no sistema radicular (esses pulgões agora são considerados radicicolae). Essas circunstâncias na folhagem devem ter irritado os viticultores experientes na época, mas certamente não pareceram particularmente preocupantes no início, já que efeitos colaterais parasitários semelhantes no cultivo de vinho ou até mesmo de lúpulo eram conhecidos há muito tempo. No entanto, o que eles não perceberam foi que, embora essa fase foliar da filoxera seja bastante insignificante, essas filoxeras jovens também se instalaram nas raízes de suas videiras para passar o inverno como pupas. Além disso, a filoxera (raiz) e a pupa são quase invisíveis, pois se assemelham à cor das raízes e também são muito pequenas (0,7 a 1 mm). Na primavera, as videiras revivem sazonalmente, as pupas perdem a pele, sugam as raízes, formam galhas e põem ovos novamente. Três a seis gerações de filoxera também se desenvolvem no subsolo. Inicialmente, o sistema radicular não é significativamente danificado pela filoxera. Assim que o final do verão se aproxima, algumas das filoxeras, que antes não tinham asas, agora criam asas. No outono, elas deixam seu lar subterrâneo, infestam a mesma videira acima do solo ou migram e voam para outras videiras, põem cerca de 5 ovos em algum lugar próximo ao solo na videira ou sob as folhas das videiras agora infestadas e morrem. Os ovos postos são pequenos (macho) ou grandes (fêmea). Aproximadamente duas semanas depois, novos pulgões eclodem, dessa vez machos e fêmeas. Entretanto, eles são destinados apenas à reprodução e não têm órgãos para fins parasitários. Eles acasalam, e a mãe pulgão põe um "ovo de inverno" verde-oliva ou marrom (aproximadamente 0,27 x 0,13 mm), geralmente escondido em fendas na casca da videira. Esse ovo hiberna escondido na casca ou um novo piolho-mãe (1 a 2 mm de comprimento) pode eclodir no mesmo ano. Esse piolho é considerado a "mãe do caule" (fundatrix) e se volta para a folhagem fresca da videira, formando assim uma galha onde centenas de ovos são depositados. Esses ovos se transformam em pulgões (das folhas) e o ciclo se repete. Depois de dois a três anos, a videira morre (principalmente devido a danos na raiz) e os pulgões restantes passam para a próxima videira
Se um viticultor descobrir sintomas nas folhas, isso geralmente significa que as videiras vizinhas provavelmente já estão infestadas há muito tempo. O desenraizamento das videiras infestadas, mesmo até o nível da raiz, geralmente é inútil. Pelo contrário: isso pode até incentivar a disseminação da filoxera, pois ela pode ser introduzida em novas regiões por meio de lacunas e nichos em ferramentas e equipamentos agrícolas (até mesmo por meio das botas dos trabalhadores ou até mesmo em cestas) ao remover os arbustos e as raízes, por exemplo.
A própria filoxera (sem a "ajuda" dos humanos) se espalha muito lentamente (aproximadamente 25 a 30 km/ano). Os pulgões alados da videira geralmente cobrem apenas distâncias muito curtas (com um vento de cauda ideal, no entanto, é possível percorrer 30 km). Os pulgões sem asas também são ocasionalmente soprados pelo vento para as videiras próximas. Os pulgões também migram para o subsolo, para raízes entrelaçadas de outras videiras. Condições climaticamente favoráveis (clima mais quente) promovem o ciclo de vida.
Kehren wir jedoch kurz zurück zur damaligen Champagne. Das kühlere Klima bedingte vorerst nur langsame Fortschritte der Reblaus. Die Winzer beispielsweise in Bordeaux befanden sich bereits lange tief im Kampf gegen Phylloxera, was den Winzern in der Champagne reichlich Warnung (und Erfahrung in der Bekämpfung) im Vorfeld bot. ‚Unerwartet‘ war die Plage also in der Champagne kaum. Eine Zusammenkunft aller Winzer in der Champagne wurde somit am 13. Juni 1891 in Epernay einberufen, um dem neuen Feind gemeinsam zu begegnen. Der Spruch der französischen Musketiere ‚Einer für alle und alle für Einen‘ hatte jedoch herzlich wenig mit den Weinbergbesitzern in der Champagne zu tun. Aus den damalig 25.729 Weinbergbesitzern meldeten sich nur 17.370 zum Beitritt in das neue ‚Syndicat de Defénce‘. Das Vordringen der Reblaus konnte durch dieses unvollständige Syndikat somit kaum verhindert, jedoch trotzdem etwas ausgebremst werden. Jemandem in Frankreich war offenbar inzwischen aufgefallen, dass es den ursprünglich importierten Rebstöcken aus den USA trotz der Reblaus blendend ging bzw. eine weitgehende Immunität gegenüber Phylloxera bestand. Roden der heimischen Rebstöcke war somit erforderlich, und folglich war die zügige Bepflanzung mit reblausfesten Rebstock-Unterlagen aus den USA, gepfropft mit heimischen Reben, angesagt. Trotzdem schlug Phylloxera bei den noch nicht veredelten Rebstöcken in erschreckendem Ausmaß ein. 1910 war bereits die Hälfte der Weinberge in der Marne-Gegend hoffnungslos von Phylloxera befallen.
Portanto, havia e há várias opções para os viticultores (não apenas) na Europa em termos de combate bem-sucedido à filoxera. De longe, a solução preferida na Europa foi e é o uso de porta-enxertos de variedades de uvas americanas resistentes à filoxera (por exemplo, Vitis riparia, rotundifolia, berlandieri, rupestris, lambrusca) com enxerto subsequente de variedades de uvas europeias Vitis vinifera L (videiras enxertadas). No entanto, diz-se que os diferentes porta-enxertos americanos têm diferentes qualidades e rendimentos de frutas viníferas. De acordo com um relatório do Sonoma County Viticulture Newsletter, as folhas das variedades de uvas europeias Vitis vinifera L não são particularmente favorecidas pela filoxera (veja a referência ao arquivo PDF correspondente abaixo).
Outra solução foi o cultivo de videiras americanas (como as conhecidas videiras Noah e Isabella).
As videiras americanas também foram cruzadas com sucesso com videiras europeias. Isso resultou em variedades híbridas bem conhecidas, como Baco, Delaware e Othello.
Historicamente, a filoxera é considerada o maior infortúnio da viticultura na França (ou na Europa). Por outro lado, no entanto, antes dessa filoxera, a França estava praticamente inundada com inúmeras variedades de uvas inferiores em locais muitas vezes desfavoráveis. Ao replantar com novas videiras dos EUA, os viticultores se certificaram de que apenas as melhores variedades de uvas nacionais em suas boas localizações recebessem esse investimento considerável em mão de obra e dinheiro para esse enxerto. A filoxera também continua a ser um problema internacional para os viticultores na Europa e em muitos outros países (inclusive, por exemplo, na costa oeste dos EUA). Além disso, a biologia da filoxera ainda não é totalmente compreendida. Até mesmo a famosa NASA está preocupada com essa filoxera. De forma assustadora, agora também se fala em mutações. Portanto, a batalha contra a filoxera não está nem perto de ser vencida.
Voltar ao léxico e glossário | Você estava aqui: Phylloxera
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administrador2021-01-09 22:40:182024-11-04 12:59:36Arbane
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administrador2021-01-09 22:38:102024-11-04 12:56:59Ambonnay
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administrador2021-01-09 22:37:022024-11-04 12:54:00Adstringência
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administrador2021-01-09 22:36:282024-08-03 22:12:33A la voléechampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-09 22:35:482024-11-04 12:51:44Dégorgement à la Glace
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administrador2021-01-09 22:34:422024-08-03 22:14:22Garrafas de champanhe
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administrador2021-01-09 22:25:422024-08-03 22:15:15Cortiça
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administrador2021-01-09 22:24:032024-08-03 22:15:56Viticultura
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administrador2021-01-09 22:23:312024-08-03 22:16:35Vinicultura
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administrador2021-01-09 22:22:362024-08-03 22:17:47Vin Gris
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administrador2021-01-09 22:22:052024-08-03 22:18:23Vignoble
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administrador2021-01-09 22:13:582024-08-03 22:18:54Vigne
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administrador2021-01-09 22:12:422024-08-03 22:19:29Vinhos
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administrador2021-01-09 22:11:442024-08-03 22:20:57Veuve Clicquot
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administrador2021-01-09 22:10:312024-08-03 22:21:39Venda
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administrador2021-01-09 22:09:592024-08-03 07:17:50Variedades de uva
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administrador2021-01-09 22:09:052024-08-03 22:22:26Território
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administrador2021-01-09 22:08:252024-08-03 07:08:09Tanino
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administrador2021-01-09 22:07:392024-08-03 22:23:20Cintura
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administrador2021-01-09 22:06:562024-08-03 07:04:23Tâché
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administrador2021-01-09 22:06:172024-08-03 07:02:14Vinho espumante
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administrador2021-01-09 22:05:402024-08-03 22:24:52Sec
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administrador2021-01-09 22:05:032024-08-03 22:25:27Batizado de navio
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administrador2021-01-09 22:01:372024-08-03 22:32:00Prosecco
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administrador2021-01-09 22:01:002024-11-04 13:01:26Asti Spumante
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administrador2021-01-09 21:59:092024-08-03 22:35:14Vinho espumante
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administrador2021-01-09 21:58:032024-08-03 22:39:34Ácido
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administrador2021-01-09 21:57:232024-08-03 22:41:08Sans-année
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administrador2021-01-09 21:56:482024-08-03 02:30:20Saint-Evremond
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administrador2021-01-09 21:56:022024-08-03 01:43:33Mesa vibratória
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administrador2021-01-09 21:54:082024-08-03 01:32:17Agitar
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administrador2021-01-09 21:53:082024-08-03 01:07:39Ruinart
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administrador2021-01-09 21:52:162024-08-03 01:05:23Rosé des Riceyschampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-09 21:51:352024-08-03 01:03:32Rosé
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administrador2021-01-09 21:50:302024-08-03 01:01:51Roederer
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administrador2021-01-09 21:49:552024-08-03 00:58:57Açúcar residual
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administrador2021-01-09 21:49:102024-08-03 00:39:59Remédio
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administrador2021-01-09 21:48:302024-08-03 00:38:14Redução de François
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administrador2021-01-09 21:47:512024-08-03 00:36:10Recolhedor-Manipulador (R.M.)
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administrador2021-01-09 21:47:152024-08-03 00:20:47Recolha
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administrador2021-01-09 21:46:222024-08-03 00:19:27Phylloxera
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administrador2021-01-09 21:45:162024-08-03 00:17:41Rebêche
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administrador2021-01-09 21:44:042024-08-03 00:15:58Ratafia de Champagne
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administrador2021-01-09 21:42:382024-08-03 00:14:18Rappen
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administrador2021-01-09 21:41:332024-08-03 00:12:33Pressoirchampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-09 21:40:272024-08-03 00:11:00Pommerychampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-09 21:39:232024-08-03 00:09:16Placomusofilia
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administrador2021-01-09 21:37:312024-08-03 00:07:34Placachampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-09 21:36:412024-08-03 00:06:26Pinot Noir
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administrador2021-01-09 21:35:442024-08-03 00:03:53Pinot Meunier
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administrador2021-01-09 21:35:062024-08-03 00:01:58Pinot Gris
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administrador2021-01-09 21:34:052024-08-02 23:58:02Pétillant
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administrador2021-01-09 21:32:582024-08-02 23:54:36Perlant
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administrador2021-01-09 21:30:062024-08-02 23:53:04Oxidação
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administrador2021-01-09 21:29:372024-08-02 23:51:15Oxhoft
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administrador2021-01-09 21:28:452024-08-02 23:49:26Abertura de vendas
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administrador2021-01-09 21:28:082024-08-02 23:43:48Enologia
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administrador2021-01-09 21:26:362024-08-02 23:42:34Öchsle
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administrador2021-01-09 21:25:192024-08-02 23:40:34Negociador
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administrador2021-01-09 21:24:322024-08-03 01:45:19Nariz
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administrador2021-01-09 21:23:042024-08-02 23:34:13N.V.
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administrador2021-01-09 21:21:572024-08-02 23:24:29Muselet
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administrador2021-01-09 21:16:082024-08-03 06:21:54Vísceras
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administrador2021-01-09 21:12:532024-08-03 06:18:34Moût
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administrador2021-01-09 21:12:092024-08-03 06:16:56Mousseux
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administrador2021-01-09 21:11:112024-08-03 06:17:51Mousse
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administrador2021-01-09 21:10:222024-08-03 06:23:34Mono-Cru
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administrador2021-01-09 20:52:522024-08-03 06:24:42Método Champenoise
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administrador2021-01-09 20:51:542024-08-03 06:25:34Marc
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administrador2021-01-09 20:51:142024-08-03 06:26:28Maie
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administrador2021-01-09 20:50:222024-08-03 06:28:08Fermentação malolática
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administrador2021-01-09 20:49:422024-08-03 06:32:21Maceração
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administrador2021-01-09 20:49:092024-08-03 06:33:53Longochampagner.eu
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administrador2021-01-09 20:48:332024-08-01 03:10:50Licor de tiragem
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administrador2021-01-09 20:47:302024-08-03 06:34:55Licor de exposição
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administrador2021-01-09 20:45:312024-08-03 06:35:56Lerchampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-09 20:43:552024-08-01 03:08:43Krug
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administrador2021-01-09 20:42:242024-08-03 06:37:45Corpo
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administrador2021-01-09 20:41:462024-08-03 06:38:42Sabor de cortiça
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administrador2021-01-09 20:40:272024-08-03 06:39:40Dióxido de carbono
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administrador2021-01-09 20:39:302024-08-03 08:04:14Janelas da igreja
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administrador2021-01-09 20:38:222024-08-03 06:40:30Pressionandochampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 22:37:072024-08-03 07:01:13Cápsula de champanhe
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administrador2021-01-08 22:34:592024-08-01 03:01:09Champanhe vintage
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administrador2021-01-08 22:33:352024-08-03 06:41:51Madeira
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administrador2021-01-08 22:32:402024-08-03 06:42:50Heidsieck
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administrador2021-01-08 22:31:362024-08-03 06:43:55Habillage
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administrador2021-01-08 22:31:002024-08-03 06:45:26Paleta Gyro
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administrador2021-01-08 22:30:232024-08-03 06:46:27Grappillage
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administrador2021-01-08 22:29:162024-08-03 06:59:45Grande Vinchampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 22:06:452024-08-03 06:57:56Gosset
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administrador2021-01-08 22:05:432024-08-03 06:55:54Irmão Jean Oudart
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administrador2021-01-08 22:02:392024-08-03 06:52:56Frais
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administrador2021-01-08 22:02:012024-08-03 06:51:47Foudre
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administrador2021-01-08 22:01:112024-08-03 06:50:54Firn
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administrador2021-01-08 22:00:372024-08-03 06:49:52Ficeleur
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administrador2021-01-08 21:59:462024-08-03 06:48:49Extrato
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administrador2021-01-08 21:58:472024-08-03 06:47:51Épluchage
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administrador2021-01-08 21:57:132024-08-03 06:14:34Remoção de leveduras
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administrador2021-01-08 21:56:252024-08-03 06:10:45Échelles des crus
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administrador2021-01-08 21:55:322024-08-03 06:11:32Dosagem
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administrador2021-01-08 21:54:182024-08-03 06:07:45Dom Perignon
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administrador2021-01-08 21:53:272024-08-03 05:44:45Dépôt
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administrador2021-01-08 21:52:562024-08-03 05:43:37Demi-Sec
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administrador2021-01-08 21:49:232024-08-03 05:42:09Degustação
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administrador2021-01-08 21:48:262024-08-03 05:32:40Dégorgement
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administrador2021-01-08 21:47:452024-08-03 05:28:49Descarte champagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 21:47:042024-08-03 05:27:39Cuvéechampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 21:46:132024-08-03 05:26:13Cru
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administrador2021-01-08 21:45:362024-08-03 05:21:50Crémant
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administrador2021-01-08 21:44:592024-08-03 05:22:35Cramant
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administrador2021-01-08 21:44:282024-08-03 05:20:49Couleuse
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administrador2021-01-08 21:43:532024-08-03 05:19:32Collerette
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administrador2021-01-08 21:43:132024-08-03 05:18:16Coteaux Champenois
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administrador2021-01-08 21:42:232024-08-03 05:16:59Côte
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administrador2021-01-08 21:41:402024-08-03 05:16:05Cordão
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administrador2021-01-08 21:41:092024-08-03 05:14:51Chefe de Cavernaschampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 21:40:322024-08-03 05:10:08Château
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administrador2021-01-08 21:39:552024-08-03 05:07:49Chardonnay
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administrador2021-01-08 21:39:152024-08-03 04:59:31Chaptalização
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administrador2021-01-08 21:37:522024-08-03 04:57:55Balde de champanhechampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 21:34:272024-08-03 04:54:09Champanhe Ursprung
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administrador2021-01-08 21:25:132024-08-03 04:53:12Chai
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administrador2021-01-08 21:24:322024-08-03 04:51:57Celular
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administrador2021-01-08 21:24:052024-08-03 04:50:53Caques
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administrador2021-01-08 21:23:342024-08-03 04:49:43Caverna
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administrador2021-01-08 21:22:592024-08-03 04:48:53Cava
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administrador2021-01-08 21:22:212024-08-03 04:47:33Buquê
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administrador2021-01-08 21:21:312024-08-03 04:46:27Ninhada
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administrador2021-01-08 21:20:512024-08-03 04:45:32Brix
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administrador2021-01-08 20:37:532024-08-03 04:44:29Bouchage
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administrador2021-01-08 20:35:202024-08-03 04:21:13Botrytischampagne.com
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administrador2021-01-08 20:34:412024-08-03 04:20:13Bollinger
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administrador2021-01-08 20:32:362024-08-03 04:18:00Flor
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administrador2021-01-08 20:32:032024-08-03 04:16:42Branco de Noirs
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administrador2021-01-08 20:31:172024-08-03 04:16:02Blanc de Blancs
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administrador2021-01-08 20:30:302024-08-03 04:15:24Mordida
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administrador2021-01-08 20:29:562024-08-03 04:14:25Contemplativo
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administrador2021-01-08 20:29:112024-08-03 04:13:07Barrique
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administrador2021-01-08 20:28:202024-08-03 04:10:30Bar
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administrador2021-01-08 20:27:232024-08-03 04:09:32Balsâmico
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administrador2021-01-08 20:26:462024-11-04 13:04:40Equilíbrio ou equilibrado
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administrador2021-01-08 20:25:272024-11-04 13:03:36Equilibrado
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administrador2021-01-08 20:24:542024-11-04 13:03:08Ataque
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administrador2021-01-08 20:24:142024-11-04 13:01:59Respirar
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administrador2021-01-08 20:23:372024-11-04 13:00:53Montagem
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administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 20:22:582024-11-04 13:00:19Sabor
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1302
1158
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 20:22:022024-11-04 12:58:14Denominação de Origem Contrôlée (AC, AOC)
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707
1354
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 20:20:202024-11-04 12:57:29Aperitivo
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544
822
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 20:19:202024-11-04 12:56:23Tom de idade
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Agraffe.jpg
600
900
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 19:44:442024-11-04 12:54:39Agrafa
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Alkohol-Champagner.jpg
1238
2200
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 19:42:292024-11-04 12:55:46Álcool
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Dégorgement-à-la-volée.jpg
1024
768
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 19:32:172024-11-04 12:53:10Remoção de lodo
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600
1200
administrador
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administrador2021-01-08 18:54:292024-07-31 23:38:17Partida