如果在(第一次)发酵过程中,葡萄酒的预期酒精含量低于 9.6%,酒窖主人可以用糖(有时也用浓缩的葡萄糖)进行干预,或为酵母提供更多的 "食物",通过鼓励发酵来提高酒精含量。这就是所谓的 "chaptalisation"。一般来说,他的目标是 10.5 至 11.5%,但不会超过 10.5TP57T,因为在瓶中二次发酵还需要约 1.3%。由于香槟酒的(法定)最高酒精度最终不得超过 13%,因此在进行加糖处理时必须小心谨慎。在阳光特别充足的年份,不需要额外的糖化,因为葡萄在完全成熟时就已经足够甜了,因此本身就能产生所需的酒精含量。Chaptalisation 一词来源于这一工艺的创始人 Jean-Antoine Chaptal(1756-1832 年)。夏普尔是一位化学家,曾担任拿破仑的大臣。1801 年,他在题为《葡萄栽培理论与酿酒艺术》的著作中描述了这一工艺。香槟区的气候相对凉爽,因此采用 "蒸馏法 "对香槟区尤为有利。
Chaptalisation: 一种酿酒方法
导言
Chaptalisation 是一种在葡萄汁或发酵酒中加糖以提高酒精含量的酿酒工艺。Chaptalisation 以法国化学家 Jean-Antoine Chaptal 的名字命名,他在 19 世纪推广了这一工艺,尤其适用于气候较凉爽的地区,因为那里的葡萄通常不会产生足够的糖分来达到令人满意的酒精含量。
chaptalisation 的过程
在发酵前或发酵过程中,向葡萄汁中添加糖分(通常是蔗糖或甜菜糖)。这些额外的糖分会被酵母转化成酒精,从而增加葡萄酒的最终酒精含量。需要强调的是,加糖的目的并不是使葡萄酒更甜;糖分会完全转化为酒精,使最终产品保持干爽。
法律规定和争议
世界各地的许多葡萄种植区都对 "加料 "进行了严格规定。在欧盟,对哪些葡萄酒可以进行加糖以及加糖的程度有明确的规定。在温暖的地区,如欧洲南部的葡萄种植区,这种做法通常是被禁止的,因为那里的葡萄自然会产生足够的糖分。
分级的做法并非没有争议。批评者认为,这种做法允许葡萄种植者使用劣质葡萄,但仍能酿造出合格的葡萄酒。而支持者则认为,"分级 "是抵消多变气候影响、确保葡萄酒质量稳定的必要手段。
香槟中的 Chaptalisation
历史和应用
香槟酒是一种来自法国香槟地区的气泡酒,采用传统的瓶内发酵法酿造。香槟酒的酿造过程中,瓶内发酵法起着特殊的作用,因为香槟区的气候通常凉爽且变化无常,这可能导致葡萄含糖量过低。
香槟区的查普塔尔化
香槟酒的酿造主要在第一次发酵前进行。在这里,向葡萄汁中加糖,以确保基酒(即后来酿成香槟酒的静态酒)达到足够高的酒精含量。这一点尤为重要,因为在瓶中进行第二次发酵(使香槟酒中含有二氧化碳)时需要额外的糖和酵母。如果基酒的酒精含量过低,就会在二次发酵过程中出现问题,影响最终产品的质量。
法律规定和质量控制
与一般的葡萄酒生产一样,香槟酒的加糖也有严格的规定。法国酿酒法规定了加糖的量,以保持香槟酒的完整性。这些规定的目的是确保香槟酒的加糖工艺不被滥用,并使香槟酒继续反映出产区和风土的特点。
争议和讨论
尽管香槟酒的香槟化传统由来已久,但也并非没有争议。一些纯粹主义者认为,这种做法会影响葡萄酒的自然特性。他们倾向于采用其他方法,如对葡萄园进行精心挑选和管理,以提高葡萄的糖分含量。但也有一些人认为,要克服香槟区凉爽气候带来的挑战,年复一年地酿造出高品质的香槟酒,采用香槟化法是不可或缺的手段。
现代发展与研究
近年来,葡萄酒酿造领域的研究开发出了新的技术和方法,以减少对加氯的需求。其中包括旨在提高葡萄成熟度和含糖量的先进葡萄栽培方法,以及酒窖管理的新技术。尽管取得了这些进步,但在香槟区和其他凉爽的葡萄种植区,加标仍然是保证质量的重要手段。
结论
Chaptalisation 是一种行之有效的酿酒方法,它能让酿酒师控制葡萄酒的酒精含量,确保质量标准的一致性。特别是在香槟区这样凉爽的地区,这种方法对于应对气候挑战非常重要。尽管使用这种方法存在争议,但它仍然是酿酒工艺中不可或缺的一部分,是传统与创新的结合。
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