强苹果酸(lat.'malum':'苹果')向温和乳酸(lat.'lac':牛奶)的生物转化被称为 "苹果酸-乳酸发酵"(常用缩写:"MLF"="苹果酸-乳酸发酵";"ML"="苹果酸-乳酸")。
在葡萄酒生产过程中发生的这一过程也被称为 "生物酸降解"(BSA)。它在许多红葡萄酒和白葡萄酒中都得到了积极的推广。在过去,乳酸发酵也被错误地称为 "二次发酵"。酒窖大师指出,虽然 "乳酸发酵 "是葡萄酒生产中的常用术语,但它并不是真正意义上的发酵。
在葡萄酒中,"发酵 "是指通过添加酵母的新陈代谢活动,将糖分转化为酒精(主要是乙醇),同时释放出二氧化碳(CO2)。然而,酵母在 "苹果酸-乳酸发酵 "中并不重要。取而代之的是负责将苹果酸转化为乳酸的微小细菌。就大小而言,这些细菌更像是蚂蚁而不是大象。正常发酵和苹果酸乳酸发酵的唯一相似之处是,酸转化过程中会释放出二氧化碳。不过,传统发酵过程中释放的二氧化碳量要高出许多倍。不过,我们还是暂且将其称为 "乳酸发酵",然后再详细介绍:
奥地利的 Wenzel Seifert 博士(1862-1942 年)首先发现了一种耐酸和降酸细菌,它负责将苹果酸分解成乳酸,并释放出二氧化碳。这些 "乳酸 "细菌(或称乳酸杆菌)包括 Leuconostoc 和 Pediococcus 等菌种。与酵母一样,不同类型的细菌也会影响葡萄酒的香气,从而影响葡萄酒的风味。
苹果酸乳酸发酵或酸降解可以通过从葡萄上转移的细菌(如葡萄皮上、茎上、叶上,甚至工具上和以前用于发酵的木桶中的细菌)自然发生,也可以由酿酒师自己积极鼓励。
乳酸发酵可以在葡萄汁中发生,也可以在酿酒过程的后期或装瓶后发生。乳酸发酵可以完全发生,也可以只部分发生。如果酒窖主人愿意,也可以避免乳酸发酵。这些细菌的成功生长取决于温度和某些营养物质。葡萄汁或葡萄酒中的 pH 值不能过高也不能过低。这些细菌对二氧化硫也非常敏感。葡萄酒中的高酒精含量(乙醇)也会完全杀死这些细菌。在 20°C 以上的温度条件下,它们感觉最舒适。相反,如果温度低于 15°C,苹果酸乳酸发酵就会变得过于寒冷。在没有现代空调的葡萄酒生产时代,苹果酸乳酸发酵通常在夏季自发进行。
酒窖主人一般会在酵母酒精发酵后给葡萄酒 "接种 "这些细菌。濒死酵母的残留物为细菌提供了养分。影响苹果酸-乳酸发酵成功与否的因素还有很多,如氧气、单宁、特定类型的酵母、橡木桶陈酿和葡萄酒过滤等。
酒窖主人可以有意识地决定在酿酒过程中采用或不采用苹果酸乳酸发酵,原因有多种。支持苹乳发酵的一个主要原因是,如果不减少严格的苹果酸,所使用的葡萄酒类型可能会显得不典型,或者对鉴赏家来说太苦。另一个支持苹乳发酵的原因是,苹乳发酵的自然结果是葡萄酒香气的理想变化(有时也是香气的细化)。有些葡萄酒还能通过乳酸发酵获得令人愉悦的 "奶油 "或 "黄油 "香气和细微味道。
另一位酒窖大师则可能不采用苹果酸乳酸发酵法,因为他特意采用天然苹果酸的方式来酿造葡萄酒,从而为葡萄酒增添了新鲜感和果香。天然果酸还有助于提高葡萄酒的陈年潜力。
Das eher kühle Klima der Champagne bedingt oft verhältnismäßig hohen Säuregehalt in den geernteten Reben. Dies bietet sich wiederum für die maloloktische Gärung an. Somit wird die malolaktische Gärung von vielen Häusern in der Champagne bewusst gefördert. Es gibt jedoch auch einige wenige Champagner-Häuser (wie z.B. Gosset), die auf die malolaktische Gärung streng verzichten und ihre Cuvées mit der natürlichen Apfelsäure der Reben komponieren. Dadurch werden oft aussergewöhnlich frisch und fruchtig anmutende 香槟酒 geschaffen, welche sich nicht selten durch bemerkenswerte Lagerungsfähigkeit und zunehmender Geschmeidigkeit auszeichnen.
返回词典和术语表 | 您在这里:乳酸发酵
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