La Phylloxera vastatrix (también conocida como Phylloxera vitifolii, Viteus vitifolii, Dactylosphaera vitifolii, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) fue introducida por vides experimentales desde la costa este de EE.UU. a través de Londres hasta el sur de Francia en la década de 1960. En 1900, la mayoría de las vides europeas (Vitis vinifera L.) estaban infestadas o ya habían sido destruidas. Esta devastadora plaga no llegó a la región de Champaña, en el extremo norte del país, hasta 1890. Al principio, la filoxera fue ignorada en gran medida en el sur de Francia. Sin embargo, cuando la filoxera demostró por fin su potencial destructivo realmente aterrador, se probaron todos los métodos de control imaginables. Incluso se importó otra especie de piojo (Tyroglyphus phylloxera), considerado el archienemigo de esta filoxera (pero inofensivo para la vid). Desgraciadamente, este piojo no se sentía muy a gusto en el clima europeo y resultó inútil. El tratamiento del follaje con productos químicos como el sulfuro de hidrocarburo parecía tener un efecto prometedor, pero al final también resultó ineficaz porque sólo afectaba eficazmente a una fase del complejo ciclo vital de la filoxera. Lo que los viticultores no sabían entonces era que, en la práctica, sus viñas infestadas eran en realidad dos tipos de filoxera al mismo tiempo: los pulgones de las hojas (gallicola) y los de las raíces (radicicola).
Lo que los viticultores descubren en el follaje cuando sus viñas están infestadas es ya una fase avanzada del ciclo vital de la filoxera. Estos pulgones (foliares) chupan las hojas y al mismo tiempo liberan su saliva en los conductos de savia, lo que a su vez provoca excrecencias (agallas) en el envés de las hojas. Estas pequeñas agallas crecen alrededor de los pulgones sin alas (gallicolae) con una pequeña abertura hacia la superficie de la hoja. En estas agallas, el piojo pone varios centenares de huevos diminutos, ovalados y de color limón. Al cabo de unos ocho días, nuevos pulgones jóvenes salen de los huevos y siguen atacando el follaje de la vid, formando de nuevo agallas y poniendo más huevos. Esta parte del ciclo produce de tres a seis generaciones de filoxera, principalmente durante los meses de verano. Finalmente, las hojas adquieren un color marrón sin vida y se caen. Una parte de los pulgones de estas hojas se desplaza previamente, mientras que los demás caen al suelo (en esta fase los pulgones se denominan neogallicicolae-radicicolae).
Una vez allí, continúan sus actividades en el sistema radicular (estos pulgones se consideran ahora radicícolas). Tales circunstancias en el follaje debieron de molestar a los viticultores experimentados de la época, pero ciertamente no parecieron especialmente preocupantes en un principio, ya que hacía tiempo que se conocían efectos secundarios parasitarios similares en el cultivo del vino o incluso del lúpulo. Sin embargo, lo que no sabían era que, aunque esta fase foliar de la filoxera es bastante insignificante, estas jóvenes filoxeras también se habían instalado en las raíces de sus vides para pasar allí el invierno en forma de pupas. Además, la filoxera (de la raíz) y la pupa son casi invisibles, ya que se parecen a las raíces en el color y también son muy pequeñas (0,7 - 1 mm). En primavera, las vides reviven estacionalmente, las pupas mudan de piel, chupan las raíces, forman agallas y vuelven a poner huevos. De tres a seis generaciones de filoxera se desarrollan también bajo tierra. Al principio, el sistema radicular no sufre daños importantes a causa de la filoxera. En cuanto se acerca el final del verano, a algunas de las filoxeras que antes no tenían alas les crecen alas. En otoño, abandonan su hogar subterráneo, infestan la misma vid por encima del suelo o migran y vuelan a otras vides, ponen unos 5 huevos en algún lugar cerca del suelo en la vid o bajo las hojas de las vides ahora infestadas y mueren. Los huevos puestos son pequeños (machos) o grandes (hembras). Aproximadamente dos semanas después eclosionan nuevos pulgones, esta vez macho y hembra. Sin embargo, sólo están destinados a la reproducción y no tienen órganos con fines parasitarios. Se aparean, y los pulgones madre ponen ahora un "huevo de invierno" de color verde oliva o marrón (aprox. 0,27 x 0,13 mm), normalmente oculto en hendiduras de la corteza de la vid. Este huevo hiberna oculto en la corteza, o bien puede eclosionar un nuevo piojo madre (de 1 a 2 mm de longitud) en el mismo año. Este piojo se considera la "madre del tallo" (fundatrix) y se dirige al follaje fresco de la vid, formando así una agalla donde se depositan cientos de huevos. Los pulgones (de las hojas) se desarrollan a partir de estos huevos y el ciclo se repite. Al cabo de dos o tres años, la vid muere (principalmente por daños en las raíces) y los pulgones restantes pasan a la siguiente vid.
Si un viticultor descubre síntomas en las hojas, generalmente significa que las vides vecinas probablemente ya han estado infestadas durante mucho tiempo. El arranque de las vides infestadas, incluso hasta la raíz, suele ser inútil. Al contrario: puede incluso favorecer la propagación de la filoxera, ya que ésta puede introducirse en nuevas regiones a través de huecos y nichos en herramientas y equipos agrícolas (incluso a través de las botas de los trabajadores o incluso en las cestas) al arrancar los arbustos y las raíces, por ejemplo.
La filoxera propiamente dicha (sin "ayuda" del hombre) se propaga con bastante lentitud (aprox. 25 - 30 km/año). Los pulgones alados de la vid recorren por lo general distancias muy cortas (con un viento de cola óptimo, sin embargo, son concebibles 30 km). Los pulgones sin alas también son arrastrados ocasionalmente por el viento hasta las vides cercanas. Los pulgones también migran bajo tierra a las raíces entrelazadas de otras vides. Las condiciones climáticas favorables (clima más cálido) favorecen el ciclo de vida.
Kehren wir jedoch kurz zurück zur damaligen Champagne. Das kühlere Klima bedingte vorerst nur langsame Fortschritte der Reblaus. Die Winzer beispielsweise in Bordeaux befanden sich bereits lange tief im Kampf gegen Phylloxera, was den Winzern in der Champagne reichlich Warnung (und Erfahrung in der Bekämpfung) im Vorfeld bot. ‚Unerwartet‘ war die Plage also in der Champagne kaum. Eine Zusammenkunft aller Winzer in der Champagne wurde somit am 13. Juni 1891 in Epernay einberufen, um dem neuen Feind gemeinsam zu begegnen. Der Spruch der französischen Musketiere ‚Einer für alle und alle für Einen‘ hatte jedoch herzlich wenig mit den Weinbergbesitzern in der Champagne zu tun. Aus den damalig 25.729 Weinbergbesitzern meldeten sich nur 17.370 zum Beitritt in das neue ‚Syndicat de Defénce‘. Das Vordringen der Reblaus konnte durch dieses unvollständige Syndikat somit kaum verhindert, jedoch trotzdem etwas ausgebremst werden. Jemandem in Frankreich war offenbar inzwischen aufgefallen, dass es den ursprünglich importierten Rebstöcken aus den USA trotz der Reblaus blendend ging bzw. eine weitgehende Immunität gegenüber Phylloxera bestand. Roden der heimischen Rebstöcke war somit erforderlich, und folglich war die zügige Bepflanzung mit reblausfesten Rebstock-Unterlagen aus den USA, gepfropft mit heimischen Reben, angesagt. Trotzdem schlug Phylloxera bei den noch nicht veredelten Rebstöcken in erschreckendem Ausmaß ein. 1910 war bereits die Hälfte der Weinberge in der Marne-Gegend hoffnungslos von Phylloxera befallen.
Por lo tanto, había y hay varias opciones para los viticultores (no sólo) en Europa en lo que se refiere a combatir con éxito la filoxera. Con diferencia, la solución preferida en Europa era y es el uso de portainjertos de variedades de uva americanas resistentes a la filoxera (por ejemplo, Vitis riparia, rotundifolia, berlandieri, rupestris, lambrusca) con el posterior injerto de variedades de uva europea Vitis vinifera L (vides injertadas). Sin embargo, se dice que los diferentes portainjertos americanos tienen diferente calidad y rendimiento de fruta vinífera. Según un informe publicado en el Boletín de Viticultura del Condado de Sonoma, las hojas de las variedades de uva europea Vitis vinifera L no se ven especialmente favorecidas por la filoxera (véase la referencia al archivo PDF correspondiente más abajo).
Otra solución fue el cultivo de vides americanas (como las conocidas vides Noah e Isabella).
Las vides americanas también se cruzaron con éxito con vides europeas. Esto dio lugar a variedades híbridas tan conocidas como Baco, Delaware y Othello.
La filoxera se considera históricamente la mayor desgracia de la viticultura en Francia (o en Europa). Sin embargo, antes de esta filoxera, Francia estaba prácticamente inundada de numerosas variedades de uva inferiores en emplazamientos a menudo desfavorables. Al replantar con nuevas vides procedentes de EE.UU., los viticultores se aseguraban de que sólo las mejores variedades de uva nacionales en sus buenas ubicaciones recibieran esta considerable inversión en mano de obra y dinero para este injerto. La filoxera también sigue siendo un problema internacional para los viticultores de Europa y de muchos otros países (incluida, por ejemplo, la costa oeste de EE.UU.). Además, la biología de la filoxera aún no se conoce del todo. Incluso la famosa NASA se ocupa de esta filoxera. Y lo que es más aterrador, ahora también se habla de mutaciones. Por tanto, la batalla contra la filoxera no está ni siquiera cerca de ganarse.
Volver al léxico y al glosario | Estabas aquí: Phylloxera
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