Die Reblaus Phylloxera vastatrix (auch als Phylloxera vitifolii, Viteus vitifolii, Dactylosphaera vitifolii, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae bekannt) wurde durch experimentale Rebstöcke von der Ostküste der USA über London in den Süden Frankreichs in den 60er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts eingeführt. Um 1900 war der Großteil der europäischen Rebstöcke (Vitis vinifera L.) entweder befallen oder bereits zerstört. Diese vernichtende Plage erreichte erst 1890 die Champagne weit im Norden des Landes. Anfangs wurde diese Reblaus im südlichen Frankreich weitgehend ignoriert. Als die Reblaus ihr wahrlich erschreckend destruktives Potential jedoch letztlich bewies, wurden alle denkbaren Bekämpfungsmethoden versucht. Sogar eine andere Art Laus (Tyroglyphus phylloxera), welche als Erzfeind dieser Reblaus gilt (sich jedoch harmlos gegenüber Rebstöcken verhält), wurde importiert. Diese Laus fühlte sich jedoch leider nicht sonderlich wohl im europäischen Klima und erübrigte sich als nutzlos. Die Behandlung des Blattwerks mit Chemikalien wie Sulfure de carbone (Schwefelkohlenwasserstoff ) wirkte zwar augenscheinlich erfolgversprechend, erwies sich jedoch letztlich ebenfalls als wirkungslos, weil damit nur ein Stadium des komplexen Lebenszyklus der Reblaus effektiv beeinträchtigt wurde. Was die Winzer damals nicht ahnten ist, dass es sich bei ihren befallenen Rebstöcken im praktischen Sinne eher gleichzeitig um zwei Varianten der Rebläuse handelte: Blattrebläuse (gallicola) und Wurzelrebläuse (radicicola).
Was Winzer beim Befall ihrer Rebstöcke im Blattwerk entdecken, stellt bereits ein fortgeschrittenes Stadium des Lebenszyklus der Reblaus dar. Diese (Blatt-)Rebläuse saugen an den Blättern und geben gleichzeitig ihren Speichel an die Saftbahnen ab, welcher wiederum Auswüchse (Gallen) auf der Unterseite der Blätter verursacht. Diese kleinen Gallen wachsen um die flügellosen Läuse (gallicolae) heran mit einer kleinen Öffnung zur Oberfläche des Blattes. In diesen Gallen legt die Laus nun mitunter mehrere hundert winzige, zitronenfarbene, ovale Eier ab. Nach ca. acht Tagen schlüpfen neue junge Läuse aus den Eiern und attackieren weiter das Blattwerk des Rebstockes, bilden wieder Gallen und legen wiederum Eier. Dieser Zyklus-Anteil bringt, primär über die Sommermonate, drei bis zu sechs Generationen der Reblaus hervor. Letztlich werden die Blätter leblos braun und fallen ab. Ein Anteil der Rebläuse dieser Blätter wandert zuvor weiter, die anderen fallen mit zur Bodenebene (in diesem Stadium werden die Läuse als neogallicicolae-radicicolae bezeichnet).
Dort angelangt setzen sie ihre Machenschaften am Wurzelwerk fort (diese Läuse gelten nun als radicicolae). Derartige Umstände im Blattwerk dürfte die erfahrenen Weinbauern damals zwar verärgert haben, wirkten aber auf Anhieb sicherlich nicht sonderlich besorgniserregend, da ähnliche, parasitisch bedingte Begleiterscheinungen im Anbau von Wein oder gar Hopfen schon lange bekannt waren. Was sie jedoch nicht ahnten ist, dass, auch wenn diese Blatt-Phase der Reblaus eher unbedeutend ist, sich diese jungen Rebläuse mittlerweile auch im Wurzelwerk ihrer Rebstöcke festgesetzt hatten, um dort als Puppen zu überwintern. Zudem sind die (Wurzel-)Reblaus und die Puppe fast unsichtbar, da sie farblich den Wurzeln ähneln und zudem sehr klein sind (0,7 – 1 mm). Im Frühling leben die Rebstöcke saisongemäß wieder auf, die Puppen streifen ihre Haut ab, saugen am Wurzelwerk, bilden Gallen, und es werden wieder fleißig Eier gelegt. Auch im unterirdischen Bereich entstehen dadurch drei bis sechs Generationen der Phylloxera. Dabei wird anfangs das Wurzelwerk von der Reblaus nicht erheblich verletzt. Sobald das Ende des Sommers naht, wachsen bei manchen der bisher flügellosen Rebläuse nun Flügel heran. Im Herbst verlassen sie ihre unterirdische Heimat, befallen den selben Rebstock oberirdisch oder wandern und fliegen nun auch zu anderen Rebstöcken, legen unbegattet irgendwo nahe dem Boden am Rebstock oder unter den Blättern der nun befallenen Rebstöcke jeweils ca. 5 Eier ab und verenden. Die gelegten Eier sind entweder klein (männlich) oder groß (weiblich). Ca. zwei Wochen später schlüpfen neue, diesmal männliche und weibliche Rebläuse. Sie sind jedoch nur für die Fortpflanzung bestimmt und haben keine Organe für parasitische Zwecke. Sie begatten sich, und die Mutterläuse legen nun jeweils ein olivgrünes oder braunes ‚Winterei‘ (ca. 0.27 x 0.13 mm), normalerweise verborgen in Schlitzen der Rinde des Rebstockes. Dieses Ei überwintert entweder in der Rinde verborgen, oder eine neue (1 – 2 mm lange) Mutterlaus schlüpft u.U. schon im selben Jahr. Diese Laus gilt als die ‚Stammmutter‘ (fundatrix) und wendet sich frischem Blattwerk des Rebstockes zu, bildet folglich eine Galle, wo dann hunderte Eier gelegt werden. Daraus entwickeln sich nun wieder die (Blatt-)Rebläuse und der Zyklus wiederholt sich. Nach zwei bis drei Jahren stirbt der Rebstock (primär bedingt durch Wurzelschaden) ab, und noch verbleibende Rebläuse ziehen um zum nächsten Rebstock
Wenn ein Weinbauer die Blatt-Symptome entdeckt, bedeutet dies generell, dass nahegelegene Rebstöcke bereits längst befallen sein dürften. Das Roden der befallenen Rebstöcke, auch bis hinunter zur Wurzelebene, ist allgemein nutzlos. Im Gegenteil: es kann die Verbreitung der Reblaus sogar fördern, da sie beispielsweise beim Entfernen des Strauchs und Wurzelwerks über Fugen und Nischen der Werkzeuge und landwirtschaftlichen Geräte (sogar durch die Stiefel der Arbeiter oder gar in Körben) in neue Regionen eingeführt werden können.
Die Reblaus selbst (ohne ‚Hilfe‘ des Menschen) verbreitet sich eher langsam (ca. 25 – 30 km/Jahr). Die beflügelten Rebläuse überwinden allgemein nur sehr kurze Entfernungen (mit optimalem Rückenwind sind jedoch 30 km denkbar). Ebenso werden die flügellosen Rebläuse vom Winde zeitweilig auf nahegelegene Rebstöcke geweht. Rebläuse wandern zudem unterirdisch zu verflochtenen Wurzeln anderer Rebstöcke. Klimatisch vorteilhafte Bedingungen (wärmeres Klima) fördern den Lebenszyklus.
Kehren wir jedoch kurz zurück zur damaligen Champagne. Das kühlere Klima bedingte vorerst nur langsame Fortschritte der Reblaus. Die Winzer beispielsweise in Bordeaux befanden sich bereits lange tief im Kampf gegen Phylloxera, was den Winzern in der Champagne reichlich Warnung (und Erfahrung in der Bekämpfung) im Vorfeld bot. ‚Unerwartet‘ war die Plage also in der Champagne kaum. Eine Zusammenkunft aller Winzer in der Champagne wurde somit am 13. Juni 1891 in Epernay einberufen, um dem neuen Feind gemeinsam zu begegnen. Der Spruch der französischen Musketiere ‚Einer für alle und alle für Einen‘ hatte jedoch herzlich wenig mit den Weinbergbesitzern in der Champagne zu tun. Aus den damalig 25.729 Weinbergbesitzern meldeten sich nur 17.370 zum Beitritt in das neue ‚Syndicat de Defénce‘. Das Vordringen der Reblaus konnte durch dieses unvollständige Syndikat somit kaum verhindert, jedoch trotzdem etwas ausgebremst werden. Jemandem in Frankreich war offenbar inzwischen aufgefallen, dass es den ursprünglich importierten Rebstöcken aus den USA trotz der Reblaus blendend ging bzw. eine weitgehende Immunität gegenüber Phylloxera bestand. Roden der heimischen Rebstöcke war somit erforderlich, und folglich war die zügige Bepflanzung mit reblausfesten Rebstock-Unterlagen aus den USA, gepfropft mit heimischen Reben, angesagt. Trotzdem schlug Phylloxera bei den noch nicht veredelten Rebstöcken in erschreckendem Ausmaß ein. 1910 war bereits die Hälfte der Weinberge in der Marne-Gegend hoffnungslos von Phylloxera befallen.
Es bestanden und bestehen somit mehrere Optionen für Weinbauern (nicht nur) in Europa im Sinne der erfolgreichen Bekämpfung der Phylloxera. Als die weitaus bevorzugte Lösung in Europa galt und gilt die Nutzung der Unterlagen reblausresistenter, amerikanischer Rebsorten (z.B. Vitis riparia, rotundifolia, berlandieri, rupestris, lambrusca) mit folgender Veredlung durch Pfropfen der europäischen Vitis vinifera L Rebsorten (Pfropfreben). Den verschiedenen amerikanischen Unterlagen werden jedoch unterschiedliche Qualität und Erträge bei der Frucht der Vinifera-Reben nachgesagt. Laut einem Bericht des Sonoma County Viticulture Newsletter werden die Blätter der europäischen Vitis vinifera L Rebsorten von Phylloxera zudem nicht sonderlich bevorzugt (siehe Hinweis zur entsprechenden PDF-Datei unten).
Eine weitere Lösung stellte der Anbau der Amerika-Reben dar (wie z.B. die bekannte Noah- und Isabella-Rebe).
Zudem wurden die amerikanischen Rebstöcke erfolgreich mit den europäischen Rebstöcken gekreuzt. Somit entstanden bekannte Hybridensorten wie Baco, Delaware oder Othello.
Phylloxera gilt historisch als das größte Unglück des Weinbaus in Frankreich (bzw. Europa) überhaupt. Andererseits jedoch war Frankreich vor dieser Reblaus auch mit zahlreichen minderwertigen Rebsorten in oftmals ungünstigen Lagen geradezu überflutet. Die Winzer achteten bei der folglich notwendigen Neubepflanzung mit den Rebstock-Unterlagen aus den USA darauf, dass nur die besten heimischen Rebsorten in ihren guten Lagen diese erhebliche Investition an Arbeit und Geld bei dieser Veredelung erfuhren. Phylloxera ist zudem weiterhin international problematisch für Weinbauern in Europa und vielen anderen Ländern (auch z.B. an der Westküste der USA). Hinzu kommt, dass die Biologie der Reblaus bis heute noch nicht vollständig verstanden ist. Selbst die berühmte NASA befasst sich mit dieser Reblaus. Erschreckenderweise ist inzwischen auch von Mutationen die Rede. Der Kampf gegen Phylloxera ist somit nicht mal annähernd gewonnen.
Sözlüğe ve sözlüğe geri dön | Du warst hier: Reblaus
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500
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:42:592024-08-03 22:09:42Avize
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499
752
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:42:262024-08-03 22:10:29Avenay
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1080
1920
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:41:442024-11-04 13:04:05Otokton
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593
898
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:40:182024-11-04 12:59:36Arbane
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450
600
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:38:102024-11-04 12:56:59Ambonnay
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:37:022024-11-04 12:54:00Burukluk
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900
1600
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:36:282024-08-03 22:12:33A la voléechampagne.com
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900
1500
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:35:482024-11-04 12:51:44Dégorgement à la Glace
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:34:422024-08-03 22:14:22Şampanya şişeleri
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787
1181
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:25:422024-08-03 22:15:15Mantar
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1707
2560
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:24:032024-08-03 22:15:56Bağcılık
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:23:312024-08-03 22:16:35Bağcılık
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:22:362024-08-03 22:17:47Vin Gris
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:22:052024-08-03 22:18:23Vignoble
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:13:582024-08-03 22:18:54Vigne
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638
850
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:12:422024-08-03 22:19:29Vieilles Vignes
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1674
1200
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:11:442024-08-03 22:20:57Veuve Clicquot
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1298
1304
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:10:312024-08-03 22:21:39Vendange
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453
893
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:09:592024-08-03 07:17:50Üzüm çeşitleri
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:09:052024-08-03 22:22:26Terroir
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:08:252024-08-03 07:08:09Tanen
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:07:392024-08-03 22:23:20Bel
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:06:562024-08-03 07:04:23Tâché
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:06:172024-08-03 07:02:14Köpüklü şarap
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:05:402024-08-03 22:24:52Sec
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:05:032024-08-03 22:25:27Gemi vaftizi
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:01:372024-08-03 22:32:00Prosecco
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408
1300
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 22:01:002024-11-04 13:01:26Asti Spumante
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809
1440
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:59:092024-08-03 22:35:14Köpüklü şarap
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:58:032024-08-03 22:39:34Asit
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:57:232024-08-03 22:41:08Sans-année
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512
1024
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:56:482024-08-03 02:30:20Saint-Evremond
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347
576
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:56:022024-08-03 01:43:33Titreşimli masa
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:54:082024-08-03 01:32:17Salla
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630
1200
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:53:082024-08-03 01:07:39Ruinart
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:52:162024-08-03 01:05:23Rosé des Riceyschampagne.com
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1081
1812
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:51:352024-08-03 01:03:32Rosé
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447
1440
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:50:302024-08-03 01:01:51Roederer
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:49:552024-08-03 00:58:57Artık şeker
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:49:102024-08-03 00:39:59Remueur
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:48:302024-08-03 00:38:14Réduction François
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:47:512024-08-03 00:36:10Récoltant-Manipulant (R.M.)
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:47:152024-08-03 00:20:47Récolte
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:46:222024-08-03 00:19:27Filoksera
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:45:162024-08-03 00:17:41Rebêche
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:44:042024-08-03 00:15:58Ratafia de Champagne
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:42:382024-08-03 00:14:18Rappen
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:41:332024-08-03 00:12:33Pressoirchampagne.com
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760
1360
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:40:272024-08-03 00:11:00Pommerychampagne.com
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700
700
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:39:232024-08-03 00:09:16Placomusophilia
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462
960
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:37:312024-08-03 00:07:34Plaketchampagne.com
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514
570
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:36:412024-08-03 00:06:26Pinot Noir
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:35:442024-08-03 00:03:53Pinot Meunier
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:35:062024-08-03 00:01:58Pinot Gris
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:34:052024-08-02 23:58:02Pétillant
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:32:582024-08-02 23:54:36Perlant
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:30:062024-08-02 23:53:04Oksidasyon
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:29:372024-08-02 23:51:15Oxhoft
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:28:452024-08-02 23:49:26Ouverture des Vendanges
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:28:082024-08-02 23:43:48Oenoloji
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:26:362024-08-02 23:42:34Öchsle
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:25:192024-08-02 23:40:34Négociant
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1125
2000
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:24:322024-08-03 01:45:19Burun
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:23:042024-08-02 23:34:13N.V.
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600
900
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:21:572024-08-02 23:24:29Muselet
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1080
1080
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:16:082024-08-03 06:21:54Bağırsaklar
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:12:532024-08-03 06:18:34Moût
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:12:092024-08-03 06:16:56Mousseux
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:11:112024-08-03 06:17:51Mousse
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0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 21:10:222024-08-03 06:23:34Mono-Cru
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:52:522024-08-03 06:24:42Méthode Champenoise
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:51:542024-08-03 06:25:34Marc
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:51:142024-08-03 06:26:28Maie
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:50:222024-08-03 06:28:08Malolaktik fermantasyon
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667
1000
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:49:422024-08-03 06:32:21Maserasyon
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:49:092024-08-03 06:33:53Uzunchampagner.eu
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334
750
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:48:332024-08-01 03:10:50Likör de tirage
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:47:302024-08-03 06:34:55Liqueur d'expédition
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:45:312024-08-03 06:35:56Okuyunchampagne.com
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350
350
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:43:552024-08-01 03:08:43Krug
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:42:242024-08-03 06:37:45Vücut
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:41:462024-08-03 06:38:42Mantar aroması
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:40:272024-08-03 06:39:40Karbondioksit
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430
430
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:39:302024-08-03 08:04:14Kilise pencereleri
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-09 20:38:222024-08-03 06:40:30Basmakchampagne.com
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700
700
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:37:072024-08-03 07:01:13Şampanya kapsülü
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538
1024
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:34:592024-08-01 03:01:09Vintage şampanya
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:33:352024-08-03 06:41:51Ahşap
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:32:402024-08-03 06:42:50Heidsieck
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:31:362024-08-03 06:43:55Habillage
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347
576
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:31:002024-08-03 06:45:26Gyro paleti
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:30:232024-08-03 06:46:27Grappillage
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:29:162024-08-03 06:59:45Grand Vinchampagne.com
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700
700
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:06:452024-08-03 06:57:56Gosset
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:05:432024-08-03 06:55:54Kardeş Jean Oudart
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:02:392024-08-03 06:52:56Frais
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:02:012024-08-03 06:51:47Foudre
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:01:112024-08-03 06:50:54Firn
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 22:00:372024-08-03 06:49:52Ficeleur
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:59:462024-08-03 06:48:49Özüt
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:58:472024-08-03 06:47:51Épluchage
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:57:132024-08-03 06:14:34Maya temizleme
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:56:252024-08-03 06:10:45Échelles des crus
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:55:322024-08-03 06:11:32Dozaj
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600
1000
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:54:182024-08-03 06:07:45Dom Perignon
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:53:272024-08-03 05:44:45Dépôt
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:52:562024-08-03 05:43:37Demi-Sec
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:49:232024-08-03 05:42:09Tadım
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:48:262024-08-03 05:32:40Dégorgement
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:47:452024-08-03 05:28:49Débourbage champagne.com
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700
700
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:47:042024-08-03 05:27:39Cuvéechampagne.com
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700
700
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:46:132024-08-03 05:26:13Cru
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:45:362024-08-03 05:21:50Crémant
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750
1050
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:44:592024-08-03 05:22:35Cramant
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:44:282024-08-03 05:20:49Couleuse
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:43:532024-08-03 05:19:32Collerette
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:43:132024-08-03 05:18:16Coteaux Champenois
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0
0
Yönetici
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
Yönetici2021-01-08 21:42:232024-08-03 05:16:59Côte
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:41:402024-08-03 05:16:05Cordon
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:41:092024-08-03 05:14:51Mağaralar Şefichampagne.com
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1001
1500
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:40:322024-08-03 05:10:08Şato
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376
602
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:39:552024-08-03 05:07:49Chardonnay
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:39:152024-08-03 04:59:31Bölümlendirme
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800
800
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:37:522024-08-03 04:57:55Şampanya kovasıchampagne.com
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514
570
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:34:272024-08-03 04:54:09Şampanya Ursprung
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:25:132024-08-03 04:53:12Chai
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0
0
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https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
Yönetici2021-01-08 21:24:322024-08-03 04:51:57Cellier
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:24:052024-08-03 04:50:53Caques
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:23:342024-08-03 04:49:43Mağara
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:22:592024-08-03 04:48:53Cava
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0
0
Yönetici
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
Yönetici2021-01-08 21:22:212024-08-03 04:47:33Buket
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:21:312024-08-03 04:46:27Kuluçka
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 21:20:512024-08-03 04:45:32Brix
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:37:532024-08-03 04:44:29Bouchage
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:35:202024-08-03 04:21:13Botrytischampagne.com
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370
850
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:34:412024-08-03 04:20:13Bollinger
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0
0
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:32:362024-08-03 04:18:00Çiçek
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0
0
Yönetici
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
Yönetici2021-01-08 20:32:032024-08-03 04:16:42Blanc de Noirs
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:31:172024-08-03 04:16:02Blanc de Blancs
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:30:302024-08-03 04:15:24Isırık
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:29:562024-08-03 04:14:25Düşünceli
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Barrique.jpg
430
700
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:29:112024-08-03 04:13:07Barrique
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:28:202024-08-03 04:10:30Bar
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:27:232024-08-03 04:09:32Balsamik
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:26:462024-11-04 13:04:40Denge veya dengeli
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:25:272024-11-04 13:03:36Dengeli
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:24:542024-11-04 13:03:08Saldırı
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:24:142024-11-04 13:01:59Nefes al
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:23:372024-11-04 13:00:53Assemblage
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0
0
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:22:582024-11-04 13:00:19Lezzet
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1302
1158
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:22:022024-11-04 12:58:14Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AC, AOC)
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707
1354
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:20:202024-11-04 12:57:29Aperatif
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544
822
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 20:19:202024-11-04 12:56:23Yaş tonu
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600
900
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 19:44:442024-11-04 12:54:39Agraffe
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1238
2200
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 19:42:292024-11-04 12:55:46Alkol
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1024
768
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 19:32:172024-11-04 12:53:10Çamurdan Arındırma
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600
1200
Yönetici
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Yönetici2021-01-08 18:54:292024-07-31 23:38:17Kalkış