Phylloxera vastatrix (znana również jako Phylloxera vitifolii, Viteus vitifolii, Dactylosphaera vitifolii, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) została wprowadzona przez eksperymentalne winorośle ze wschodniego wybrzeża USA przez Londyn na południe Francji w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku. Do 1900 r. większość europejskich winorośli (Vitis vinifera L.) została zarażona lub już zniszczona. Ta niszczycielska plaga dotarła do regionu Szampanii na dalekiej północy kraju dopiero w 1890 roku. Początkowo filoksera była w dużej mierze ignorowana w południowej Francji. Jednak gdy filoksera w końcu udowodniła swój naprawdę przerażający potencjał niszczycielski, wypróbowano każdą możliwą metodę kontroli. Sprowadzono nawet inny gatunek wszy (Tyroglyphus phylloxera), który jest uważany za arcywroga filoksery (ale jest nieszkodliwy dla winorośli). Niestety, wesz ta nie czuła się zbyt dobrze w europejskim klimacie i okazała się bezużyteczna. Traktowanie liści chemikaliami, takimi jak siarka de carbone (siarkowodór), wydawało się mieć obiecujący efekt, ale ostatecznie okazało się również nieskuteczne, ponieważ skutecznie wpływało tylko na jeden etap złożonego cyklu życiowego filoksery. Plantatorzy winorośli nie zdawali sobie wówczas sprawy z tego, że w praktyce ich winorośle były jednocześnie atakowane przez dwa rodzaje filoksery: mszyce liściowe (gallicola) i mszyce korzeniowe (radicicola).
To, co plantatorzy winorośli odkrywają na liściach, gdy ich winorośl jest zaatakowana, jest już zaawansowanym etapem cyklu życiowego filoksery. Mszyce te ssą liście i jednocześnie uwalniają swoją ślinę do przewodów sokowych, co z kolei powoduje powstawanie narośli (galasów) na spodniej stronie liści. Te małe galasy rosną wokół bezskrzydłych mszyc (gallicolae) z małym otworem na powierzchni liścia. W tych galasach wesz składa kilkaset małych, cytrynowych, owalnych jaj. Po około ośmiu dniach z jaj wylęgają się nowe młode mszyce, które nadal atakują liście winorośli, ponownie tworząc galasy i składając więcej jaj. W tej części cyklu powstaje od trzech do sześciu pokoleń filoksery, głównie w miesiącach letnich. W końcu liście stają się bez życia brązowe i opadają. Część mszyc na tych liściach przenosi się wcześniej, podczas gdy pozostałe spadają na ziemię (na tym etapie mszyce są znane jako neogallicolae-radicicolae).
Gdy już się tam znajdą, kontynuują swoją działalność w systemie korzeniowym (mszyce te są obecnie uważane za radicicolae). Takie okoliczności w liściach musiały denerwować doświadczonych plantatorów winorośli w tamtym czasie, ale z pewnością nie wydawały się szczególnie niepokojące, ponieważ podobne pasożytnicze skutki uboczne w uprawie wina, a nawet chmielu, były znane od dawna. Nie zdawali sobie oni jednak sprawy z tego, że choć faza liściowa filoksery jest raczej nieistotna, to młode filoksery osiedliły się również w korzeniach ich winorośli, aby przezimować tam jako poczwarki. Ponadto filoksera (korzeniowa) i poczwarki są prawie niewidoczne, ponieważ kolorem przypominają korzenie i są bardzo małe (0,7-1 mm). Wiosną winorośl odradza się sezonowo, poczwarki zrzucają skórę, ssą korzenie, tworzą galasy i ponownie składają jaja. Trzy do sześciu pokoleń filoksery rozwija się również pod ziemią. Początkowo system korzeniowy nie jest znacząco uszkadzany przez filokserę. Gdy tylko zbliża się koniec lata, niektórym z wcześniej bezskrzydłych filoksery wyrastają skrzydła. Jesienią opuszczają swój podziemny dom, infekują tę samą winorośl nad ziemią lub migrują i przelatują na inne winorośle, składają około 5 jaj gdzieś przy ziemi na winorośli lub pod liśćmi zaatakowanych winorośli i umierają. Złożone jaja są małe (samce) lub duże (samice). Około dwa tygodnie później wylęgają się nowe mszyce, tym razem samce i samice. Są one jednak przeznaczone wyłącznie do rozmnażania i nie mają narządów do celów pasożytniczych. Dochodzi do kopulacji, a mszyce-matki składają oliwkowozielone lub brązowe "jaja zimowe" (ok. 0,27 x 0,13 mm), zwykle ukryte w szczelinach w korze winorośli. Jajo to albo hibernuje ukryte w korze, albo w tym samym roku może wykluć się z niego nowa wesz macierzysta (o długości 1-2 mm). Ta wesz jest uważana za "matkę łodygi" (fundatrix) i zwraca się do świeżych liści winorośli, tworząc w ten sposób żółć, w której składane są setki jaj. Następnie z jaj rozwijają się mszyce (liściowe) i cykl się powtarza. Po dwóch do trzech latach winorośl obumiera (głównie z powodu uszkodzenia korzeni), a pozostałe mszyce przenoszą się na następną winorośl
Jeśli plantator winorośli odkryje objawy na liściach, oznacza to, że sąsiednie winorośle prawdopodobnie są już zarażone od dłuższego czasu. Wyrywanie zarażonych winorośli, nawet do poziomu korzeni, jest generalnie bezużyteczne. Wręcz przeciwnie: może nawet sprzyjać rozprzestrzenianiu się filoksery, ponieważ może ona zostać wprowadzona do nowych regionów przez luki i nisze w narzędziach i sprzęcie rolniczym (nawet przez buty pracowników, a nawet w koszach) podczas usuwania krzewów i korzeni, na przykład.
Sama filoksera (bez "pomocy" człowieka) rozprzestrzenia się raczej powoli (ok. 25-30 km/rok). Uskrzydlone mszyce winorośli zazwyczaj pokonują tylko bardzo krótkie odległości (przy optymalnym wietrze w plecy możliwe jest jednak pokonanie 30 km). Mszyce bezskrzydłe są również czasami przenoszone przez wiatr na pobliskie winorośle. Mszyce migrują również pod ziemię do splecionych korzeni innych winorośli. Korzystne warunki klimatyczne (cieplejszy klimat) sprzyjają cyklowi życiowemu.
Kehren wir jedoch kurz zurück zur damaligen Champagne. Das kühlere Klima bedingte vorerst nur langsame Fortschritte der Reblaus. Die Winzer beispielsweise in Bordeaux befanden sich bereits lange tief im Kampf gegen Phylloxera, was den Winzern in der Champagne reichlich Warnung (und Erfahrung in der Bekämpfung) im Vorfeld bot. ‚Unerwartet‘ war die Plage also in der Champagne kaum. Eine Zusammenkunft aller Winzer in der Champagne wurde somit am 13. Juni 1891 in Epernay einberufen, um dem neuen Feind gemeinsam zu begegnen. Der Spruch der französischen Musketiere ‚Einer für alle und alle für Einen‘ hatte jedoch herzlich wenig mit den Weinbergbesitzern in der Champagne zu tun. Aus den damalig 25.729 Weinbergbesitzern meldeten sich nur 17.370 zum Beitritt in das neue ‚Syndicat de Defénce‘. Das Vordringen der Reblaus konnte durch dieses unvollständige Syndikat somit kaum verhindert, jedoch trotzdem etwas ausgebremst werden. Jemandem in Frankreich war offenbar inzwischen aufgefallen, dass es den ursprünglich importierten Rebstöcken aus den USA trotz der Reblaus blendend ging bzw. eine weitgehende Immunität gegenüber Phylloxera bestand. Roden der heimischen Rebstöcke war somit erforderlich, und folglich war die zügige Bepflanzung mit reblausfesten Rebstock-Unterlagen aus den USA, gepfropft mit heimischen Reben, angesagt. Trotzdem schlug Phylloxera bei den noch nicht veredelten Rebstöcken in erschreckendem Ausmaß ein. 1910 war bereits die Hälfte der Weinberge in der Marne-Gegend hoffnungslos von Phylloxera befallen.
Istniało i istnieje zatem kilka opcji dla plantatorów winorośli (nie tylko) w Europie w zakresie skutecznej walki z filokserą. Zdecydowanie preferowanym rozwiązaniem w Europie było i jest stosowanie podkładek odpornych na filokserę amerykańskich odmian winorośli (np. Vitis riparia, rotundifolia, berlandieri, rupestris, lambrusca) z późniejszym szczepieniem europejskich odmian winorośli Vitis vinifera L (szczepione winorośle). Mówi się jednak, że różne amerykańskie podkładki mają różną jakość i wydajność owoców winorośli. Według raportu opublikowanego w biuletynie Sonoma County Viticulture Newsletter, liście europejskich odmian winorośli Vitis vinifera L nie są szczególnie faworyzowane przez filokserę (patrz odniesienie do odpowiedniego pliku PDF poniżej).
Innym rozwiązaniem była uprawa amerykańskich winorośli (takich jak dobrze znane Noah i Isabella).
Amerykańskie winorośle były również z powodzeniem krzyżowane z europejskimi. Zaowocowało to dobrze znanymi odmianami hybrydowymi, takimi jak Baco, Delaware i Othello.
Filoksera jest historycznie uważana za największe nieszczęście uprawy winorośli we Francji (i Europie). Z drugiej jednak strony, przed filokserą Francja była praktycznie zalana licznymi gorszymi odmianami winorośli w często niekorzystnych lokalizacjach. Podczas przesadzania nowych winorośli z USA, winiarze upewnili się, że tylko najlepsze krajowe odmiany winorośli w ich dobrych lokalizacjach otrzymały tę znaczną inwestycję w pracę i pieniądze na to szczepienie. Filoksera nadal stanowi międzynarodowy problem dla plantatorów winorośli w Europie i wielu innych krajach (w tym na przykład na zachodnim wybrzeżu USA). Ponadto biologia filoksery nadal nie jest w pełni zrozumiała. Nawet słynna NASA zajmuje się tą filokserą. Co przerażające, obecnie mówi się również o mutacjach. Walka z filokserą nie jest więc nawet bliska zwycięstwa.
Powrót do leksykonu i słowniczka | Byłeś tutaj: Filoksera
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