Phylloxera vastatrix (juga dikenal sebagai Phylloxera vitifolii, Viteus vitifolii, Dactylosphaera vitifolii, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) diperkenalkan melalui tanaman merambat eksperimental dari pantai timur Amerika Serikat melalui London ke selatan Prancis pada tahun 1960-an. Pada tahun 1900, sebagian besar tanaman anggur Eropa (Vitis vinifera L.) terserang atau sudah hancur. Wabah yang menghancurkan ini tidak mencapai wilayah Champagne di ujung utara negara ini sampai tahun 1890. Awalnya, phylloxera sebagian besar diabaikan di Prancis selatan. Namun, ketika phylloxera akhirnya membuktikan potensi destruktifnya yang sangat menakutkan, semua metode pengendalian yang ada dicoba. Bahkan spesies kutu lain (Tyroglyphus phylloxera), yang dianggap sebagai musuh bebuyutan phylloxera ini (tetapi tidak berbahaya bagi tanaman merambat), diimpor. Sayangnya, kutu ini tidak betah di iklim Eropa dan terbukti tidak berguna. Mengobati dedaunan dengan bahan kimia seperti sulphure de carbone (hidrokarbon sulfida) tampaknya memiliki efek yang menjanjikan, tetapi pada akhirnya juga terbukti tidak efektif karena hanya secara efektif memengaruhi satu tahap siklus hidup phylloxera yang kompleks. Apa yang tidak disadari oleh para petani anggur pada saat itu adalah bahwa, secara praktis, tanaman merambat mereka yang terserang sebenarnya adalah dua jenis phylloxera sekaligus: kutu daun (gallicola) dan kutu akar (radicicola).
Apa yang ditemukan oleh para petani anggur di dedaunan ketika tanaman merambat mereka terserang sudah merupakan tahap lanjut dari siklus hidup phylloxera. Kutu daun (daun) ini menghisap daun dan pada saat yang sama mengeluarkan air liurnya ke dalam saluran getah, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan pertumbuhan (galls) di bagian bawah daun. Galls kecil ini tumbuh di sekitar kutu daun tak bersayap (gallicolae) dengan lubang kecil di permukaan daun. Di dalam galls ini, kutu daun bertelur beberapa ratus telur kecil berwarna lemon berbentuk oval. Setelah sekitar delapan hari, kutu daun muda baru menetas dari telur dan terus menyerang dedaunan pohon anggur, membentuk galls lagi dan bertelur lagi. Bagian dari siklus ini menghasilkan tiga hingga enam generasi phylloxera, terutama selama bulan-bulan musim panas. Akhirnya, daun berubah warna menjadi coklat tak bernyawa dan rontok. Sebagian kutu daun pada daun-daun ini berpindah terlebih dahulu, sementara yang lainnya jatuh ke permukaan tanah (pada tahap ini kutu daun dikenal sebagai neogallicicolae-radicicolae).
Sesampai di sana, mereka melanjutkan aktivitasnya pada sistem akar (kutu daun ini sekarang dianggap sebagai radicicolae). Keadaan dedaunan seperti itu pasti mengganggu para petani anggur yang berpengalaman pada saat itu, tetapi tentu saja pada awalnya tidak terlalu mengkhawatirkan, karena efek samping parasit yang serupa dalam budidaya anggur atau bahkan hop telah lama diketahui. Namun, yang tidak mereka sadari adalah bahwa meskipun fase daun phylloxera ini agak tidak signifikan, kutu daun anggur muda ini sekarang juga telah menetap di akar tanaman merambat mereka untuk bermalam di sana sebagai kepompong. Selain itu, phylloxera (akar) dan pupa hampir tidak terlihat, karena warnanya menyerupai akar dan juga sangat kecil (0,7 - 1 mm). Di musim semi, tanaman merambat hidup kembali secara musiman, pupa melepaskan kulitnya, menghisap akar, membentuk empedu, dan bertelur lagi. Tiga sampai enam generasi Phylloxera juga berkembang di bawah tanah. Awalnya, sistem akar tidak mengalami kerusakan yang signifikan oleh phylloxera. Begitu akhir musim panas mendekat, beberapa phylloxera yang sebelumnya tidak bersayap sekarang menumbuhkan sayap. Pada musim gugur, mereka meninggalkan rumah bawah tanah mereka, menyerang tanaman merambat yang sama di atas tanah atau bermigrasi dan terbang ke tanaman merambat lainnya, bertelur sekitar 5 telur di suatu tempat di dekat tanah pada tanaman merambat atau di bawah daun tanaman merambat yang sekarang terserang dan mati. Telur yang diletakkan berukuran kecil (jantan) atau besar (betina). Kira-kira dua minggu kemudian, kutu daun baru menetas, kali ini jantan dan betina. Namun, mereka hanya ditujukan untuk reproduksi dan tidak memiliki organ untuk tujuan parasit. Mereka kawin, dan kutu daun induk sekarang bertelur 'telur musim dingin' berwarna hijau zaitun atau coklat (sekitar 0,27 x 0,13 mm), biasanya tersembunyi di celah-celah kulit pohon anggur. Telur ini akan berhibernasi tersembunyi di dalam kulit kayu, atau kutu induk yang baru (panjangnya 1-2 mm) akan menetas pada tahun yang sama. Kutu ini dianggap sebagai 'induk batang' (fundatrix) dan berpindah ke dedaunan segar tanaman anggur, sehingga membentuk empedu di mana ratusan telur diletakkan. Telur-telur ini kemudian berkembang menjadi kutu daun dan siklusnya berulang. Setelah dua hingga tiga tahun, tanaman anggur akan mati (terutama karena kerusakan akar) dan kutu daun yang tersisa akan berpindah ke tanaman anggur berikutnya.
Jika seorang winegrower menemukan gejala daun, ini biasanya berarti bahwa tanaman anggur di sekitarnya mungkin sudah lama terserang. Membersihkan tanaman merambat yang terserang, bahkan hingga ke tingkat akar, umumnya tidak berguna. Sebaliknya: hal ini bahkan dapat mendorong penyebaran phylloxera, karena dapat masuk ke daerah baru melalui celah dan ceruk pada peralatan dan peralatan pertanian (bahkan melalui sepatu bot pekerja atau bahkan dalam keranjang) saat membuang semak-semak dan akar, misalnya.
Phylloxera sendiri (tanpa 'bantuan' dari manusia) menyebar dengan agak lambat (sekitar 25 - 30 km/tahun). Kutu daun anggur bersayap umumnya hanya menempuh jarak yang sangat pendek (dengan angin penarik yang optimal, bisa mencapai 30 km). Kutu daun tak bersayap juga terkadang tertiup angin ke tanaman merambat di dekatnya. Kutu daun juga bermigrasi ke bawah tanah ke akar tanaman merambat lainnya yang saling terkait. Kondisi iklim yang mendukung (iklim yang lebih hangat) mendorong siklus hidup.
Namun, mari kita kembali sejenak ke Champagne pada masa itu. Iklim yang lebih sejuk berarti bahwa perkembangan phylloxera berjalan lambat pada awalnya. Para petani anggur di Bordeaux, misalnya, sudah berpengalaman dalam memerangi phylloxera, sehingga para petani anggur di Champagne sudah memiliki banyak peringatan (dan pengalaman dalam memeranginya) sebelumnya. Jadi wabah ini hampir tidak 'tak terduga' di Champagne. Oleh karena itu, sebuah pertemuan semua petani anggur di Champagne diadakan pada tanggal 13 Juni 1891 di Epernay untuk menghadapi musuh baru bersama-sama. Namun, slogan penembak senapan Prancis 'satu untuk semua dan semua untuk satu' tidak ada hubungannya dengan pemilik kebun anggur di Champagne. Dari 25.729 pemilik kebun anggur pada saat itu, hanya 17.370 yang mendaftar untuk bergabung dengan 'Syndicat de Defénce' yang baru. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan phylloxera hampir tidak dapat dicegah oleh sindikat yang tidak lengkap ini, tetapi masih dapat diperlambat. Seseorang di Prancis rupanya menyadari bahwa tanaman merambat yang awalnya diimpor dari Amerika Serikat tumbuh subur meskipun ada penyakit phylloxera, dan sebagian besar tanaman tersebut kebal terhadap phylloxera. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk mencabut tanaman merambat asli, dan sebagai hasilnya, penanaman cepat dengan batang bawah tanaman merambat yang tahan terhadap phylloxera dari Amerika Serikat, yang dicangkokkan dengan tanaman merambat asli, menjadi pilihan utama. Namun demikian, Phylloxera menyerang tanaman anggur yang tidak dicangkokkan hingga tingkat yang mengkhawatirkan. Pada tahun 1910, setengah dari kebun-kebun anggur di wilayah Marne sudah sangat terserang phylloxera.
Oleh karena itu, ada beberapa pilihan bagi para petani anggur (tidak hanya) di Eropa dalam hal keberhasilan memerangi phylloxera. Sejauh ini, solusi yang lebih disukai di Eropa adalah penggunaan batang bawah varietas anggur Amerika yang tahan phylloxera (misalnya Vitis riparia, rotundifolia, berlandieri, rupestris, lambrusca) dengan pencangkokan varietas anggur Vitis vinifera L Eropa (tanaman merambat yang dicangkokkan). Namun, batang bawah Amerika yang berbeda dikatakan memiliki kualitas dan hasil buah vinifera yang berbeda. Menurut sebuah laporan di Sonoma County Viticulture Newsletter, daun varietas anggur Vitis vinifera L Eropa tidak terlalu disukai oleh Phylloxera (lihat referensi ke file PDF yang sesuai di bawah).
Solusi lain adalah budidaya tanaman merambat Amerika (seperti tanaman merambat Nuh dan Isabella yang terkenal).
Tanaman merambat Amerika juga berhasil disilangkan dengan tanaman merambat Eropa. Hal ini menghasilkan varietas hibrida yang terkenal seperti Baco, Delaware, dan Othello.
Phylloxera secara historis dianggap sebagai kemalangan terbesar dalam pemeliharaan anggur di Prancis (atau Eropa). Namun, di sisi lain, sebelum adanya phylloxera ini, Prancis hampir dibanjiri dengan berbagai varietas anggur yang lebih rendah di lokasi yang sering kali tidak menguntungkan. Ketika menanam kembali dengan tanaman merambat baru dari AS, para petani anggur memastikan bahwa hanya varietas anggur domestik terbaik di lokasi yang baik yang menerima investasi yang cukup besar dalam hal tenaga kerja dan uang untuk pencangkokan ini. Phylloxera juga terus menjadi masalah internasional bagi para petani anggur di Eropa dan banyak negara lain (termasuk, misalnya, di pantai barat AS). Selain itu, biologi phylloxera masih belum sepenuhnya dipahami. Bahkan NASA yang terkenal pun khawatir dengan phylloxera ini. Yang menakutkan, sekarang ada juga pembicaraan tentang mutasi. Oleh karena itu, pertempuran melawan Phylloxera bahkan belum mendekati kemenangan.
Kembali ke leksikon & glosarium | Anda ada di sini: Phylloxera
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https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
admin2021-01-08 20:20:202024-11-04 12:57:29Minuman beralkohol
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Alterston.jpg
544
822
admin
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
admin2021-01-08 20:19:202024-11-04 12:56:23Nada usia
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Agraffe.jpg
600
900
admin
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
admin2021-01-08 19:44:442024-11-04 12:54:39Agraffe
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Alkohol-Champagner.jpg
1238
2200
admin
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
admin2021-01-08 19:42:292024-11-04 12:55:46Alkohol
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Dégorgement-à-la-volée.jpg
1024
768
admin
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
admin2021-01-08 19:32:172024-11-04 12:53:10Penyedotan
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/abgang.jpeg
600
1200
admin
https://champagner.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Champagner.com-Logo-300x300.png
admin2021-01-08 18:54:292024-07-31 23:38:17Keberangkatan