Biologiczna konwersja silnego kwasu jabłkowego (łac. "malum": "jabłko") w łagodniejszy kwas mlekowy (łac. "lac": mleko) znana jest jako "fermentacja malolaktyczna" (popularny skrót: "MLF" = "fermentacja malo-mlekowa"; "ML" = "malo-mlekowy").
Ten proces zachodzący podczas produkcji wina jest również znany jako "biologiczna degradacja kwasu" ("BSA"). Jest on aktywnie promowany w wielu czerwonych i białych winach. W przeszłości fermentacja malolaktyczna była również błędnie określana jako "druga fermentacja". Mistrzowie piwnic zauważają, że chociaż "fermentacja malolaktyczna" jest powszechnym terminem w produkcji wina, nie jest to fermentacja w prawdziwym znaczeniu tego słowa.
W winie "fermentacja" to konwersja cukru w alkohol (głównie etanol) poprzez aktywność metaboliczną dodanych drożdży, w wyniku której uwalniany jest dwutlenek węgla (CO2). Jednak drożdże nie są ważne w "fermentacji malolaktycznej". Zamiast tego, to maleńkie bakterie są odpowiedzialne za przekształcanie kwasu jabłkowego w kwas mlekowy. Pod względem wielkości bakterie te bardziej przypominają mrówki niż słonie. Jedynym podobieństwem między normalną fermentacją a fermentacją malolaktyczną jest uwalnianie CO2 w wyniku konwersji kwasu. Jednak ilość CO2 emitowanego podczas konwencjonalnej fermentacji jest wielokrotnie wyższa. Pozostawmy jednak to powszechne określenie "fermentacja malolaktyczna" i przejdźmy do bardziej szczegółowych informacji:
Niejaki dr Wenzel Seifert (1862-1942) z Austrii po raz pierwszy zidentyfikował bakterie odporne na kwasy i rozkładające kwasy jako odpowiedzialne za rozkład kwasu jabłkowego do kwasu mlekowego z uwolnieniem CO2. Te "mlekowe" bakterie (lub Lactobacillus) to gatunki takie jak Leuconostoc i Pediococcus. Podobnie jak w przypadku drożdży, różne rodzaje bakterii wpływają również na aromat, a tym samym na smak wina.
Fermentacja malolaktyczna lub degradacja kwasów może zachodzić naturalnie w wyniku przeniesienia bakterii z winogron (np. na skórce winogron, na łodygach, liściach, a nawet na narzędziach i w beczkach wcześniej używanych do fermentacji) lub może być również aktywnie wspierana przez samego mistrza piwnicy.
Fermentacja malolaktyczna może zachodzić w moszczu, ale także później podczas procesu produkcji wina lub w butelkowanym winie. Może również zachodzić całkowicie lub tylko częściowo. Może być również uniknięta przez piwnicznego mistrza, jeśli sobie tego życzy. Pomyślny rozwój tych bakterii zależy od temperatury i niektórych składników odżywczych. Wartości pH w moszczu lub winie nie mogą być ani zbyt wysokie, ani zbyt niskie. Bakterie te są również bardzo wrażliwe na dwutlenek siarki. Wysoki poziom alkoholu (etanolu) w winie może również całkowicie zabić bakterie. Bakterie te najlepiej czują się w temperaturze powyżej 20°C. Z kolei w temperaturach poniżej 15°C jest zbyt zimno dla fermentacji malolaktycznej. W czasach przed nowoczesną klimatyzacją w produkcji wina, fermentacja malolaktyczna często rozwijała się spontanicznie w miesiącach letnich.
Mistrzowie piwnic zazwyczaj "zaszczepiają" swoje wina tymi bakteriami po fermentacji alkoholowej przez drożdże. Pozostałości obumierających drożdży dostarczają bakteriom składników odżywczych. Na powodzenie fermentacji malolaktycznej wpływa również wiele innych czynników, takich jak obecność tlenu, taniny, niektóre rodzaje drożdży, starzenie w beczkach i filtrowanie win.
Mistrz piwnicy może świadomie zdecydować za lub przeciw fermentacji malolaktycznej w produkcji wina z kilku powodów. Jednym z głównych powodów przemawiających za fermentacją malolaktyczną jest często to, że rodzaj użytego wina może wydawać się nietypowy lub zbyt gorzki dla konesera bez redukcji ścisłego kwasu jabłkowego. Innym powodem przemawiającym za fermentacją malolaktyczną jest pożądana zmiana aromatyczna (czasem także aromatyczne wyrafinowanie) w winie, która jest naturalną konsekwencją fermentacji malolaktycznej. Niektóre wina zyskują również przyjemny "kremowy" lub "maślany" aromat i niuanse smakowe dzięki fermentacji malolaktycznej.
Inny mistrz piwnicy może zdystansować się od fermentacji malolaktycznej, ponieważ jego wino jest celowo skomponowane w taki sposób, aby naturalny kwas jabłkowy nadawał mu szczególny wymiar świeżości i owocowości. Naturalne kwasy owocowe pomagają również poprawić potencjał starzenia wina.
Das eher kühle Klima der Champagne bedingt oft verhältnismäßig hohen Säuregehalt in den geernteten Reben. Dies bietet sich wiederum für die maloloktische Gärung an. Somit wird die malolaktische Gärung von vielen Häusern in der Champagne bewusst gefördert. Es gibt jedoch auch einige wenige Champagner-Häuser (wie z.B. Gosset), die auf die malolaktische Gärung streng verzichten und ihre Cuvées mit der natürlichen Apfelsäure der Reben komponieren. Dadurch werden oft aussergewöhnlich frisch und fruchtig anmutende Szampan geschaffen, welche sich nicht selten durch bemerkenswerte Lagerungsfähigkeit und zunehmender Geschmeidigkeit auszeichnen.
Powrót do leksykonu i słowniczka | Byłeś tutaj: Fermentacja malolaktyczna
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